This book examines two questions: Do people make use of abstract rules such as logical and statistical rules when making inferences in everyday life? Can such abstract rules be changed by training? Contrary to the spirit of reductionist theories from behaviorism to connectionism, there is ample evidence that people do make use of abstract rules of inference -- including rules of logic, statistics, causal deduction, and cost-benefit analysis. Such rules, moreover, are easily alterable by instruction as it occurs in classrooms and in brief laboratory training sessions. The fact that purely formal training can alter them and that those taught in one content domain can "escape" to a quite different domain for which they are also highly applicable shows that the rules are highly abstract. The major implication for cognitive science is that people are capable of operating with abstract rules even for concrete, mundane tasks; therefore, any realistic model of human inferential capacity must reflect this fact. The major implication for education is that people can be far more broadly influenced by training than is generally supposed. At high levels of formality and abstraction, relatively brief training can alter the nature of problem-solving for an infinite number of content domains.

"...will appeal to a wide range of people, including cognitive and social psychologists, educational psychologists, educators at most school levels, and university instructors....brings the state of knowledge on reasoning into the 20th century and explodes a number of previously predominant myths, assumptions, and positions taken over the years within psychology....Any professional interested in how people reason will want to read this book. It is packed with information that will appeal to a broad audience and does an excellent job of taking basic science psychology research and applying it to an important domain, namely education."—Contemporary Psychology