Below the famously flat surface of the Netherlands lies a fascinating world of buried mountains and valleys, which can only be unraveled with drillings, geophysical techniques and geological understanding. Thorough exploration for hydrocarbons, groundwater and minerals produced a wealth of data and knowledge about the Dutch subsurface and its various uses. The second edition of this book, originally published in 2007, provides access to that wealth with a thoroughly revised and updated description of the Paleozoic to recent geology of the Netherlands, including the offshore. It covers applied geology with chapters on oil and gas, coal and peat, rock salt, groundwater, construction minerals, silica sand, underground storage and sequestration, and geothermal energy. It treats the natural and anthropogenic geohazards of seismicity and subsidence. Finally, it illustrates how data and knowledge of the Dutch subsurface are disseminated by the Geological Survey of the Netherlands, part of research and technology organisation TNO. Geology of the Netherlands is a comprehensive reference work for geologists, engineers, geoscience students, and all others who wish to know more about the relevance and applications of geology in the Netherlands.