This volume collects the majority of the invited papers at the 13th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science in Beijing, August 2007. It consists of four sections: Logic, General Philosophy of Science, Philosophical Issues of Particular Sciences, and Science and Society, as well as three special symposia: Cosmology, Freud and Psychoanalysis and Chinese Traditional Medicine. The authors are among the most renowned scholars in their fields, and the collection represents advanced research in logic, methodology and philosophy of science.